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G stc and T stc are the incident radiation on the PV array and the PV cell temperature under normal test conditions, respectively. Where P pv-r is the rated capacity of the PV array under its standard test conditions, f pv is derating factor. Combining them together and assuming the use of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) which is a technique used with wind turbines and PV solar systems to maximize power extraction under all conditions, the output of a particular PV array can be calculated as in , In this paper, these are not included in the design process.įor solar sources, the solar radiation incident on the PV array and the ambient temperature at different hours are also recorded. Other factors that can affect the overall efficiency of wind turbine output such as environmental losses, wake effects losses, curtailment losses are not considered. And the cut-off wind speed is nearly 20 m/s where there is no output power from the wind turbine. In this case, the SW AIR-X wind turbine is used and its power curve is shown in Figure 1, and the cut-in wind speed is around 2.5 m/s where the wind turbine begins to output power. Different wind turbines have different power curves provided by manufacturers. Each wind speed matches an output of power according to the wind turbine’s power curve under standard conditions of temperature and pressure. There are 8760 hours in one year and as the simulation is done hourly which means it is the number of simulation steps. power-law exponent (usually it is set to be 1/7 for normal condition) V i-wind speed at a reference height, H i (m/s) Either the logarithmic law or the power law can be used to achieve this. After wind resource data is produced, the wind speed at hub height can be matched. In this case, the hourly wind speeds in a period are recorded.
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average annual wind speed, average daily load demand and annual capacity shortage are set with different values for more valid comparison.
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This paper models a stand-alone hybrid system in Qinghai Province, China, where several households are regarded as an object group.
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Because wind generation is intermittent and the continuity of solar energy depends on the extent of cloud cover, the combination of them together in a system can make an efficient complementation at some points. For instance, the International Resources Group conducted a survey in Sri Lanka where people use a 50-W PV/battery system to support several compact fluorescent lights. Some renewable energy resources are used to support local facilities. To capture seasonal variations, both winter and summer scenarios are detailly analyzed, sensitivity analysis is also carried out to evaluate the interaction between capacities of MES components.It is necessary to develop some renewable energy resources in some remote rural areas where the grid extension is unavailable technologically or economically. With the power management strategy applied, the SOFC/GT could operate under the maximum electrical efficiency of 67.1% with safety constraints satisfied, making up only half investment cost of P2G. The optimized LCC of multi-energy system is £2,468,093 with wind power accounting for 68.35% of total capital investment. Results show that in the selected case, the multi-energy system operates with low wind curtailment rate of 0.63% and high renewable penetration level of 90.1%. To facilitate the coordinate operation of system components, a power management strategy is proposed in response to fluctuations of wind power and electricity load with considerations of multiple thermodynamic safety criteria. For system planning, the optimal balance between the least wind curtailment rate and total life cycle cost (LCC) is determined. A two-level multi-objective optimization of planning and operation together is proposed. This paper presents a multi-energy system for microgrid in which a wind-powered P2G is coupled with a detailed thermoeconomic model of solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid system. One of the major challenges in optimizing such system is to simultaneously capture the intraday and seasonal variation of renewable sources & load, as well as the internal thermodynamic process of critical components in appropriate modeling detail. However, its economic and thermodynamic adaptability when coupled with intermittent renewable sources remains an open question to be addressed carefully. In recent researches, fuel cell-based system is considered as a promising technology to consume hydrogen (H 2) generated from P2G due to high efficiency and cleanness. The produced hydrogen is versatile green fuel for different energy sectors, such as electricity, heat and mobility. Power-to-gas (P2G) using excess renewable sources is an effective method to reduce renewable curtailment issues in microgrid system.